The Use Of Scientific Research On Animals - 998 Words

In medical research animals are used as ‘models’ for human disease by artificially inducing selected symptoms intended to resemble human illnesses. (vier-pfoten.org) However, a disease is more than simply a collection of symptoms, and so the human disease itself and its underlying biology can never be fully replicated in an animal model. The use of scientific research on animals can be cruel and inhumane to the well-being of animals. All the research and animals they get are very expensive to pay. And very time consuming. The use of doing tests for illnesses on animals is a waste of time, and isn’t needed. Imagine not being able to have a nice and fun life. You’re trapped in some area that you have no idea about. Imagine being starved,†¦show more content†¦(neavs.org) Animals aren’t given any kind of antibiotics for their pain to be numbed. So they will feel every bit of what is happening to them. Scientific testing of animals is legal, unle ss told from whatever company they are working for. Animals that are used for testing can’t even get some fresh air. They are stuck in cages from their day to day life, and have a rotation that allows them to go outside for very little time. Animals are put into a restraining device that prevents them from being able to move. These experiments included immobilizing mice and rats in tubes, shocking their feet, suspending them by their tails, and forcing them to swim to avoid drowning. (neavs.org) All the research and animals they get are very expensive to pay. And very time consuming. Some animal tests take months or years to conduct and analyze (e.g., 4-5 years, in the case of rodent cancer studies), at a cost of hundreds of thousands—and sometimes millions—of dollars per substance examined (e.g., $2 to $4 million per two-species lifetime cancer study). (hsi.org) Schools usually have to pay for when they want to do testing on animals in college, for instance dissection. The USA roughly spends about $16 billion dollars yearly for animal testing for tax payers’ expense. Animal testing takes up to 5 years and can cost $4 billion dollars for planning.

A Chariot Racing Day in the Roman Times Essay - 1249 Words

A Chariot Racing Day in the Roman Times The Circus Maximus was the oldest and the largest of all the circuses where chariot races took place holding up to 250, 000 spectators. It was traditionally founded in the sixth century BC by Tarquinius Priscus, the fifth king of Rome. In 329 BC, permanent starting gates were constructed and, in 174 BC, that they were rebuilt and seven large wooden eggs were set up to indicate the completion of each lap. The track was originally formed by the low ground of the valley. Inside, the track was covered with a bed of sand which sparkled with bright mineral grain. The lower seat tier was made out of marble, the second was made out of wood and the third seemed to†¦show more content†¦The Emperor had a favourite horse called Incitatus. Incitus had a marble stable, an ivory stall, purple blankets, and a jewelled collar. Horses like Incitatus must have been very lucky. Some people in the crowd looked for powerful beauty of the stallions, the richness of their accoutrements, perfection of their training and all the agility and bravery of the drivers and riders. Some people watched it because they gambled money into it. A few minorities hated chariot racing. A Roman called Pliny is one of them. He couldnt understand the appeal of the circus. Chariot races but I am not the least bit interested in that kind of entertainment. He explains his point of view by saying Theres never anything new or different. Hes amazed by the amount of people who watch it and thinks those people are childish. I am amazed that so many thousands of men time after time have such as childish desire to see horses and men driving chariots. He thinks if spectators watch the beauty and running of the horses, then that would be good but complains that isnt the case. They are only interested in the winning horse. If they were attracted by the speed of the horses or the skill of th e drivers, this would not be unreasonable. But as it is, they are interested only in team uniforms. Spectators wouldnt care about the driver or horse but only the colour of the tunic they were wearing whichShow MoreRelatedThe Importance of Chariot Racing for the Romans Essays1164 Words   |  5 PagesThe Importance of Chariot Racing for the Romans Racing has been a pastime for humans ever since we were able to tame animals and since we have had the technology to allowed us. There are so many forms of racing in the world today that have been shaped through hundreds and thousands of years. What is it that attracts us to racing? Is it the speed, potential crashes or even just the atmosphere? To answer this question many things have to be considered. 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Total Quality in Fast Food Free Essays

Total Quality in Fast Food MGT 449 2011 Total Quality in Fast Food In the world of fast food restaurants product and service quality are what make or break a chain. Both Wendy’s and McDonald’s have spent years and millions of dollars to get the level of quality that they produce just right. The key to the success of both of these fast food giants is total quality management. We will write a custom essay sample on Total Quality in Fast Food or any similar topic only for you Order Now While they both may share some marketplaces, they both use different processes to get the results that they are looking for. Wendy’s currently operates in North America while McDonald’s operates on a global scale. While both of these companies provide their customers with a wonderful fast food experience, they do not always use the same procedures to test and market new products. Wendy’s and McDonald’s are known very well in the United States and Canada. One only has to see a girl with bright red braids or hear the phrase â€Å"I’m lovin’ it† to suddenly start to crave food from either of these fast food giants. We are well versed in the menu options available at both chains and many of us could recite several of the menu options off the top of our head. The menu at both chains is very carefully researched and tested so as to make sure that each menu item will produce the best possible profit for the customer while delivering the quality that we have come to associate with each company. The big difference between the two companies lies in the markets that they work in. The Wendy’s chain is a North American chain located throughout the United States, Canada, and recently in Mexico. The market that they are working with is somewhat similar, although allowing for some regional differences between the three countries. McDonald’s, however, works on a world wide scale. They deal with dozens of different markets which each require their own market research and testing because the culture or dietary needs of those countries is very different from those of other areas of the world. When Wendy’s decides to create a new product they take into consideration the customer that they will be marketing to. Currently menu items in all three countries are fairly similar without much variation between them. All three countries offer the same burgers, chicken sandwiches, salads, fries, and of course the ever present frosty. By only operating in one region of the world, Wendy’s is able to test market a product in the United States and if that testing goes favorably then it is marketed in all three countries. A prime example of this sort of testing was Wendy’s new fries. Wendy’s research showed that they were often passed over for other fast food choices because of their lackluster french fries. Wendy’s knew that having a better fry would entice customers to choose Wendy’s over their competitors, which would boost sales figures. Wendy’s started in their test kitchens determining what would make a better fry. After deciding on a skin-on fry seasoned with sea salt Wendy’s then began test marketing their new fry. After it was determined that the new fry was a much more favorable alternative to their old soggy version Wendy’s began its advertising campaign. In order to ensure that the fries were a success Wendy’s spent nearly 79%, or $17. 7 million, of its measured-media spend pushing fries, compared to spending $26. 9 million for all products in the same month according to Morrison, 2011. This strategy worked and has helped Wendy’s to improve their sales over the past year since the new fries were launched. It is also part of Wendy’s practices total quality. Wendy’s continues to offer consistently appealing new products in order to compete with their peers. By introducing new items with tried and true menu options and maintaining the quality product that Wendy’s has come to be known for, they are able to maintain a strong presence within the quick-service restaurant industry. McDonald’s, on the other hand, needs to have a different approach to their menu items. At this time you will find a McDonald’s restaurant in more than 119 countries on six continents. This means that their test marketing must be regionally specific. Each region of the world must create and test products taking into account dietary and taste differences around the world. An example of this rationality of products is the Indian menu. Cows are considered sacred in India. Therefore, the menu in India does not offer any beef products. McDonald’s has swapped out the beef patties in the popular Big Mac with chicken in order to work within the dietary needs of the Indian population. They also offer a veggie burger and several fish options. India is not the only country where McDonald’s offers what would be considered strange fare by customers in the United States. From shrimp burgers in Asian markets to beer being served in parts of Europe, McDonald’s has reworked its core menu to include items that are familiar to the local population while still being able to produce their product in approximately one minute. Speed of service and menu items, which have become old favorites for consumers, are two elements of McDonald’s total quality strategy. Another example of McDonald’s use of total quality is the use of what are referred to by Beth Kowitt (2011) as platforms. An example of a platform is chicken where McNuggets are the product. By focusing on platforms and then branching off of them McDonald’s is able to stick to a base menu that always works and then tweak the item in a more creative way without losing the original integrity of the product. This has proved a very successful strategy for McDonald’s and it is one that they will continue to use far into the future. Both Wendy’s and McDonald’s serve the quick-service restaurant consumer. They both do market research and product roll-outs, but their strategy for these roll-outs is different because of the different markets that they work with. Being a national company means that Wendy’s is able to product test on a smaller scale within one area, where McDonald’s must test within each region of the world that it operates in. Even though their approach to marketing may be different, both companies still practice total quality within their organizations. Both companies are striving to be the top in their market, and using total quality strategies will help them to both stay competitive with each other in North America. References Goetsch, D. L. , Davis, S. B. (2010). Quality management for organizational excellence: Introduction to total quality (6th ed. . Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education. Kowitt, B. (2011). WHY McDONALD’S WINS IN ANY ECONOMY. Fortune, 164(4), 70-78. Retrieved from EBSCOhost. MORRISON, M. (2011). FOR WENDY’S, THE PROOF’S IN THE POTATOES AS FANCYFRIES LAUNCH DECLARED A SUCCESS. Advertising Age, 82(13), 5-20. Retrievedfrom EBSCOhost. Reich, A. Z. , McCleary, K. W. , Tepanon, Y. , ; Weaver, P. A. (2005). The Impact of Productand Service Quality on Brand Loyalty: An Exploratory Investigation of Quick-ServiceRestaurants. Journal of Foodservice Business Research, 8(3), 35-53. doi:10. 13O0/J369v08n03-04 How to cite Total Quality in Fast Food, Papers

Behavioral and Psychological Symptoms of Dementia

Question: Discuss about the Behavioral and Psychological Symptoms of Dementia. Answer: Introduction The state of dementia is manifested by the pattern of irreversible loss of the memory as well as the cognitive potential of an individual (Scott Barrett, 2007). This loss of cognitive potential leads to the reduction in the social functionality of the demented people across the community environment. The manifestations of dementia consistently deteriorate the emotional and physical capacity of the affected individuals over the course of time. The findings by (WHO, 2016) indicate the deterioration in the pattern of thinking and behaviour of the demented individuals. The statistical findings indicate the high prevalence of dementia among the elderly people; however, this disease does not develop in response to the normal physiological ageing (WHO, 2016). Dementia is an outcome of various pathological conditions; however, the conditions like Alzheimers disease and stroke are the major conditions that lead to the establishment of dementia among the elderly patients (WHO, 2016). The deme nted people experience the pattern of behavioural changes leading to the states of agitation and aggression in late stage under the stressful circumstances (WHO, 2016). Therefore, the administration of person-centered and holistic healthcare interventions to the demented patients is highly warranted in the context of controlling their behavioural inadequacies and aggression during the late stage of dementia. The effective control of the behaviour of the demented patients assists the healthcare professionals in terms of elevating the quality of self-care methods required for improving their overall quality of life and associated wellness-outcomes. Dementia and Behaviour Management Strategies An Evidence-Based Analysis Healthcare professionals require giving due consideration to the family caregivers of demented individuals while considering the fact that their pattern of depression and other psychosocial complications adversely influences the behavioural outcomes of the demented patients (Brodaty Donkin, 2009). Their family caregivers considerably facilitate the administration of the person-centered interventions for the demented patients and therefore the stabilization of the state of mental and physical health of these caregivers is highly warranted in the context of improving behavioural complications of the demented patients. The healthcare professionals require attaining thorough insight regarding the onset and establishment of violent behaviour and aggressive attitude among the demented patients in the context of configuring alternative strategies for the effective management of their dementia related behavioural disorientation and aggression (Enmarker, et al., 2011). Healthcare approaches by the NDB (Need-driven Dementia-compromised Behavior) and PLST (Progressively Lowered Stress Threshold) models advocate the requirement of undertaking environmental modification for effectively mitigating the pattern of agitation and aggression among demented individuals (Dettmore, et al., 2009). The pattern of aggression of the demented people emanates because of the unaccomplished psychosocial and physical requirements and absence of appropriate environmental support. This happens because demented individuals fail in effectively communicating their individualized requirements to their caretakers. Therefore, healthcare professionals require configuring effective communication strategies in the context of teaching demented individuals regarding practicing various coping mechanisms for generating the pattern of self-dependence and autonomy for accomplishing their personalized needs (Dettmore, et al., 2009). Furthermore, healthcare professionals need to evaluate the potential environ mental triggers that induce the pattern of behavioural changes and aggressive behaviours in the demented people. Accordingly, they can configure person-centered strategies for reducing the intensity of behavioural disorientation among the demented individuals (Dettmore, et al., 2009). The thorough evaluation of the personal history of depression and anxiety in the demented people is highly required in the context of controlling the pattern of their physical aggression and agitation. The identification of the root cause of depression of the demented patients facilitates the configuration of remedial interventions for reducing the causative factor in the context of reducing the intensity of the violent behaviour of the demented people. The administration of the skilled nursing care interventions is highly warranted for improving the quality of life and mitigating the dangerous behavioural outcomes of the patients affected with dementia and associated clinical manifestations (Wharton Ford, 2014). The institutionalization of healthcare services and educational enhancement of the demented people is required for improving their mental healthcare outcomes across the community environment (Wharton Ford, 2014). Healthcare professionals require the systematic administrati on of emotional and physical care strategies for the physiologically and physiologically unstable demented patients in the context of controlling the intensity of their physical and emotional pain (Liu, et al., 2013). Nurse professionals need to utilize the diagnostic instruments and psychiatric assessment tools with the objective of identifying the likelihood of the demented patients towards development of aggressive symptoms and associated emotional dysregulation (Liu, et al., 2013). The reconfiguration of a safe and non-precipitating environment considerably assists the healthcare professionals in the context of controlling the pattern of aggressive behaviour of the demented patients (Jutkowitz, et al., 2016). The training of the healthcare staff in relation to the enhancement of their skills to facilitate the thorough evaluation of the behavioural complications of the demented patients, required for effectively customizing the healthcare interventions for stabilizing their behav ioural disruption and associated agitation (Jutkowitz, et al., 2016). Person-centered approaches require a systematic evaluation of reversible causes of behavioural disorientation of the demented patients (Salzman, et al., 2008). The identification of the environmental and social stressors of the demented patients required for effectively controlling these stressors in the context of reducing the probability of their behavioural disorientation and aggression across the community environment. The healthcare professionals, psychologists and nurses need to organize training sessions for the demented patients and their caretakers with the objective of reducing their psychosocial burden and associated behavioural complications (Salzman, et al., 2008). Healthcare professionals require proactively evaluating the prospective healthcare requirements of the demented patients upon their admission to the healthcare facility. They also need to understand the preferences and habits of the treated patients in the context of configuring the remedial strategies for eff ectively treating their behavioural disruption and aggressive attitude (Salzman, et al., 2008). Healthcare professionals also need to identify, evaluate and understand the familial context of the aggressive symptoms experienced by the demented patients across the community environment (Merrilees, et al., 2010). They also need to track and identify the co-morbid conditions like ALS (Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis) and their potential impact on the behaviour of the demented patients while configuring the remedial interventions for effectively minimizing their behavioural disruption (Merrilees, et al., 2010). The systematic evaluation of the symptoms attributing to the executive deficits, apathy, irritability, impulsivity, poor judgement, emotional changes, social inhibition and hyperorality of the demented patients required in the context of configuring behavioural strategies for reducing the pattern of aggression, compulsivity and rigidity among the demented patients (Merrilees, et al ., 2010). The effective enhancement of the executive mental functionality of the demented patients by healthcare professionals required for effectively improving their problem solving skills, behavioural inhibition, attention deficits and psychosocial deficits across the community environment. Eventually, demented patients will exhibit an improvement in the pattern of their cognition, agitation, aggression and other behavioural manifestations. The healthcare professionals require understanding the pattern of the neuropathological changes experienced by the patients affected with dementia and Alzheimers disease (Achterberg, et al., 2013). The type and intensity of pain in various types of dementia states require evaluation in the context of correlating the pattern of pain with the intensity and type of behavioural manifestations experienced by the demented patients. Healthcare professionals require training the demented patients in the context of enhancing their self-management skills in relation to effectively controlling their behavioural manifestations (Achterberg, et al., 2013). Behavioural approaches administered by the healthcare professionals facilitate the self-reporting of behavioural symptoms by the dementia patients. The pattern of self-reporting of aggressive behaviour by the demented patients assists healthcare teams in effectively identifying the onset of behavioural disruption during its initial stage (Achter berg, et al., 2013). This reportedly facilitates the improvement in the cognitive decline of dementia patients that reciprocally reduces the intensity of their behavioural symptoms, including the pattern of aggression and agitation. Healthcare professionals require carefully observing the behavioural expression, vocalization and body movements of the demented patients for evaluating the level of emotional and physical discomfort faced by them across the community environment (Achterberg, et al., 2013). Accordingly, they need to configure the behavioural strategies for decreasing the psychosocial discomfort of the treated patients in the context of minimizing the level of their aggression and agitation. The healthcare professionals require evaluating the thought content, motor function and perception of the demented patients in the context of tracking their emotional disturbances and associated outcomes. The evaluation of the lack of patients ability to effectively express the feelin gs of hopelessness, unhappiness and sadness is highly required by the healthcare professionals in the context of relating these symptoms with the pattern of the patients disrupted behaviour. The investigation of the state of patients panic episodes, anhedonia, somatic concerns and motor outcomes of tension required by the healthcare professionals for effectively configuring the goal-oriented strategies with the objective of enhancing the emotional stability and cognitive functionality of the demented patient (Cerejeira, et al., 2012). This resultantly decreases the intensity of behavioural disruption, aggression and agitation episodes of the demented patients. The healthcare facilitators require administering regular interview sessions to the demented patients with the objective to facilitate the face-to-face interactions with them in relation to evaluating the pattern of their disinhibition, euphoria, irritability, abnormal eating behaviour and eating abnormalities (Cerejeira, et al., 2012). These manifestations considerably facilitate the agitation episodes in the demented patients and accordingly the healthcare professionals need to undertake the behavioural interventions for controlling the pattern of behavioural inconsistencies and associated aggressive episodes of the treated patients. Healthcare professionals also require administering training sessions to the demented patients with the objective of promoting the execution of physical exercise on a regular basis for effectively enhancing the pattern of their neurogenesis, neuroprotection and brain neurplasticity (Christofoletti, et al., 2011). This resultantly, improves the behaviou ral manifestations and symptoms related to aggression and agitation experienced by the demented patients. The healthcare professionals also require evaluating the sleep quality of the demented patients and accordingly organize counselling sessions for increasing the level of awareness of demented patients in relation to improving the pattern of their sleep for the betterment of their behavioural outcomes (Christofoletti, et al., 2011). Evidence-based research literature advocates the requirement of administering CBT intervention for effectively controlling the pattern of aggression, day/night disturbance, agitation, motor restlessness and anxiety of the demented patients (Spector, et al., 2015). Indeed, CBT intervention reduces the intensity of catastrophic thinking and negative automatic thoughts of the demented patients that considerably reduce their behavioural disruptions and associated manifestations attributing to aggression and agitation (Spector, et al., 2015). The findings of various observational studies reveal the requirement of configuring a therapeutic relationship with the demented patients, with the objective of extending personal care interventions for improving the behavioural outcomes (Dolley, et al., 2015). Furthermore, the pattern of therapeutic communication of healthcare professionals with the demented patients improves their compliance, trust and confidence on the recommended treatment interventions warranted for reducing the episodes of their aggression and violence (Dolley, et al., 2015). These findings advocate the requirement of optimizing the healthcare approaches in accordance with the personalized requirements of the demented patients in the context of stabilizing their mood and behaviour. Conclusion Healthcare practitioners require undertaking systematic behavioural interventions in the context of improving behavioural complications and the resultant pattern of aggression and agitation experienced by the demented patients. The enhancement of the quality of life of the demented patients is highly required for reducing the intensity of their psychosocial manifestations across the community environment. The holistic and person-centered interventions must focus on the configuration of the therapeutic relationship with the demented patients in the context of improving the pattern of their self-dependence and personhood. The effective enhancement of the sense of self among the demented patients reduces the probability of the appearance of their aggressive episodes and irritability. Healthcare professionals must focus on the effective enhancement of the social connectedness of the demented people for reducing the intensity of their psychosocial manifestations that prove to be the poten tial transducers of their aggression and agitation episodes. References Achterberg, W. P. et al., 2013. Pain management in patients with dementia. Clinical Interventions in Aging, pp. 1471-1482. Brodaty, H. Donkin, M., 2009. Family caregivers of people with dementia. Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience, 11(2), pp. 217-228. Cerejeira, J., Lagarto, L. Mukaetova-Ladinska, E. B., 2012. Behavioral and Psychological Symptoms of Dementia. Frontiers in Neurology, 3(73). Cerejeira, J., Lagarto, L. Mukaetova-Ladinska, E. B., 2012. Behavioral and Psychological Symptoms of Dementia. Frontiers in Neurology. Christofoletti, G. et al., 2011. Physical activity attenuates neuropsychiatric disturbances and caregiver burden in patients with dementia. Clinics, 66(4), pp. 613-618. Dettmore, D., Kolanowski, A. Boustani, M., 2009. Aggression in Persons with Dementia: Use of Nursing Theory to Guide Clinical Practice. Geriatric Nursing, 30(1), pp. 8-17. Dolley, J., Bailey, C. McCabe, R., 2015. Communication in healthcare interactions in dementia: a systematic review of observational studies. International Psychogeriatrics, 27(8), pp. 1277-1300. Enmarker, I., Olsen, R. Hellzen, O., 2011. Management of person with dementia with aggressive and violent behaviour: a systematic literature review. International Journal of Older People Nursing, 6(2), pp. 153-162. Jutkowitz, E. et al., 2016. Care-Delivery Interventions to Manage Agitation and Aggression in Dementia Nursing Home and Assisted Living Residents: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Journal of the American Geriatric Society, 64(3), pp. 477-488. Liu, J., Lewis, G. Evans, L., 2013. Understanding Aggressive Behavior Across the Life Span. Understanding Aggressive Behavior Across the Life Span, 20(2), pp. 156-168. Merrilees, J. et al., 2010. Cognitive and Behavioral Challenges in Caring for Patients with Frontotemporal dementia and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis, 11(3), pp. 298-302. Salzman, C. et al., 2008. Elderly Patients with Dementia-Related Symptoms of Severe Agitation and Aggression: Consensus Statement on Treatment Options, Clinical Trials Methodology, and Policy. The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry Impact Description, 69(6), pp. 889-898. Scott, K. Barrett, A. M., 2007. Dementia syndromes: evaluation and treatment. Expert Rev Neurother, 7(4), pp. 407-422. Spector, A. et al., 2015. Cognitive-behavioural therapy for anxiety in dementia: pilot randomised controlled trial. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 206(6), pp. 509-516. Wharton, T. Ford, B. K., 2014. What is Known About Dementia Care Recipient Violence Aggression Against Caregivers?. Journal of Gerontological Social Work, 57(5), pp. 460-477. WHO, 2016. Dementia. [Online] Available at: https://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs362/en/ [Accessed 27 11 2016].